However, research has not shown a consistent benefit on bone health with high intakes of milk, and furthermore has suggested potential harm with certain conditions like prostate cancer. Marketing efforts such as the iconic “Got Milk?” campaign with celebrities donning milk mustaches spread this message as well. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends including three 8-ounce servings of milk daily (or equal portions of other dairy foods like cheese or yogurt), which is justified to increase calcium intake and reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Vitamin A and Vitamin D (added during processing).Some cows are given additional hormones to increase milk production. Cows are often pregnant while they are milked, so dairy milk contains hormones like insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estrogens, and progestins. Processing techniques remove fat to produce lower fat varieties: “reduced fat” contains 2% milkfat, “lowfat” contains 1% milkfat, and “nonfat” or “skim” has virtually no milkfat. The remaining 13% contains protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Whole cow’s milk contains about 87% water. This section will focus on dairy milk from cows, and briefly discuss non-dairy plant milk alternatives. Although dairy milk may come from any mammal, cows, goats, buffalo, and sheep are common producers. Dairy milk may be introduced at later ages if tolerated well. Breast milk is the preferred food for infants, as it is well-tolerated while their digestive tracts develop and mature. Milk is the liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals, including humans.
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